Frequently Asked Questions on IVF treatment answered by Dr. Charles MPL.
If you have any questions or concerns about various aspects of IVF treatment, you may like to look at the following questions and answers. Please scroll down to see all the questions.
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IVF treatment with Dr. Charles MPL |
What are
the causes
of infertility?
Approximately
40% is
of male origin,
40% of
female origin
and in 20 %
there is
no obvious identifiable
cause. Many
couples have
combined male
and female
causes.
The
male causes
result in
a reduction
in quality
and quantity
of sperms.
The
female causes
can include one
or more
of the
following:
Endometriosis
Ovulation defects
including polycystic
ovarian disease (PCO).
Fallopian tube
blockage or
disease.
What is
fertility counseling?
One
form of
fertility counseling
occurs when
you have
a private discussion
with a
sympathetic nurse
counselor. You
share with
her your
feelings and
concerns about
your fertility
status, the
treatment program
and your
chances for
pregnancy. She
will listen
patiently to
you and
answer your
questions as
best she
can. She
will assist
you in
resolving your
concerns and
enable you
to decide on
the next
course of
action.
What is
the available
range of
fertility treatment?
The
treatment of
choice is
to treat
the underlying
cause.
For example, if
your problem
is infrequent
ovulation, ovulation
induction is
the appropriate choice. If
you have PCO, Metformin will be
helpful. However in
many instances,
this may
not result
in pregnancy
even though
several cycles
of ovulation
induction have
been attempted.
It is
at this
time that
IVF may
be appropriate.
If you have
endometriosis, then the
preferred treatment
is to
clear the
pelvis of
the disease by
first suppressing ovulation
with
Depot Lucrin
followed by laparoscopic removal of
cysts and
destruction of
endometriotic deposits.
If conception
does not
occur after
six months
of trying,
it would
be logical
to try
additional treatments.
One is
to employ ovulation
induction in
the hope of
increasing the
chance for
pregnancy. The
other is to
resort to
IVF.
If you have
fallopian tube
disease, this
can sometimes
be corrected
by laparoscopic surgery. However
in instances
when the tubal disease is severe,
it may be
more
effective to
achieve pregnancy with IVF.
Nevertheless, laparoscopic removal of
dilated hydrosalpinges prior to IVF would
optimize the outcome.
If
your husband
has a
low sperm
count, a
sperm enhancing
regimen can
be tried.
Intra-uterine insemination (IUI) is
an option
as well.
However, if
there are
only very
few sperms,
the only
remaining avenue
would be
to resort
to IVF
with intra-cytoplasmic
sperm injection
(ICSI). Even
when there is
absence of
sperms in
the semen (azoospermia),
but some
live sperms
retrievable from
the testis,
pregnancy can
still be
achieved by
ICSI.
When
there are
no eggs left
in the
ovaries or
if there
is no
sperm production
in the testes, the
last resort
is to
consider use
of eggs
or sperm
from donors.
What is
In Vitro
Fertilization?
In-vitro
fertilization (IVF) is
a process
in which
your eggs
collected from
your ovaries
are mixed
with your
husband’s sperms
in a test tube or plastic dish
with the
objective of
one sperm
entering one
egg and
combining to
produce one
embryo. One
to three
embryos are
then placed
in your
uterus for
implantation and
development into
one or
more babies.
IVF
is recommended
if you are
unable to
conceive in
the normal way
or when
other treatments
have not succeeded
in producing
the baby
that you
so earnestly
desire.
(See
Simplified IVF
ICSI protocol)
(See
ICSI, fertilized egg and embryo)
(See IVF babies and children)
What tests
must I
take before I
can receive
IVF treatment
in Singapore?
Tests for human
immune deficiency
virus (HIV),
syphilis, hepatitis B
virus, Hepatitis C
virus and Rubella virus (German Measles) are
required for
you and
your husband
and should
be done
in a
laboratory in
Singapore within
the six
months preceding
the IVF
attempt. Protective immunization
would be
offered to
you if
you are not
immune to Rubella.
Optional
but preferred
tests are
hemoglobin, hemoglobin
electrophoresis, blood group,
Toxoplasma IgM, AMH,
Thin-prep cervical smear
and swab
form your
cervix for Chlamydia. Your husband
should have
his semen
cultured for
bacteria and
Mycoplasma.
On your first
or second
menstrual day,
your Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
level is
measured and your
antral follicle count is made by
vaginal probe ultrasound scan to
determine the
appropriate starting
dose of
ovarian stimulation
medicine.
What is
the significance
of a
raised basal
follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
level?
A
raised basal
FSH level
means that
the number
of eggs
remaining in
the ovary
is reduced.
A higher
dose of
ovarian stimulation
medicine would
be required
to produce
ripe eggs.
Even so,
some of
the eggs
may be
sub-optimal in
quality.
If
the level
is very
high and
in the
menopausal range,
this indicates
that there
are no
eggs left
in the
ovary which are
capable of ripening. Using eggs
from
an egg
donor may
be a
more effective approach.
What
is the significance of a low Anti Mullerian
Hormone level?
An
AMH level below 0.5ng/ml is
associated with poor ovarian response and
fewer eggs to harvest. A higher dose
of Gonal F is required to stimulate
egg development.
An
AMH level above 3.5ng/ml is associated
with a higher probability of Ovarian
Hyperstimulation.
AMH
levels can also be used as a guide when deciding on the dose of fertility
drugs for ovarian stimulation.
What is
a Follicle?
This
is a
fluid filled
structure which
houses the
developing egg (oocyte).
The covering
of the
follicle contains
cells which
produce the
female hormone
(estrogen) called
Estradiol 17beta. After release
of the
egg (ovulation), these hormone producing cells switch
to producing the implantation supporting hormone
called Progesterone.
This structure is yellow
in color and is called
the Corpus Luteum.
What is the Antral
Follicle Count?
This is the total number of small
fluid-filled structures seen in both ovaries
which are about 2-8mm in diameter detected
by vaginal probe ultrasound scan on
the second day of the menstrual cycle.
Each follicle contains one oocyte (egg). The
higher the count, the more the number of
eggs which can be harvested after
stimulation. A low count is one with
less than 10 antral follicles. This
indicates a poorer response to ovarian
stimulation. A high count is one with
30 or more follicles. This indicates a
condition called Polycystic Ovaries. There
is a higher chance of hyperstimulation in
such patients.
What are
the medicines
used for
fertility treatment
in IVF?
Microgynon.
This is an oral contraceptive tablet used in the preparation cyle to help
adjust the timing of the start of the stimulation cycle.
Lucrin. This is an LH Agonist which
initially stimulates LH production from the brain and then later suppresses it
so as to prevent your own LH from triggering ovulation before your eggs can be
harvested. It is given in the form of a subcutaneous injection.
Cetrotide. This is an LH Antagonist
which suppresses LH prduction from the brain so as to prevent your own LH from
triggering ovulation before your eggs can be harvested. It is given as a subcutaneous injection.
Gonal F. This is Follicle
Stimulating Hormone which stimulates your ovarian follicles to grow. It is given
in the form of a subcutaneous injection.
Pregnyl. This is Human Chorionic
Gonadotrophin which acts like LH to trigger ovulation 36 hours after
administration. It is also given to support the luteal phase. It is given as a subcutaneous injection or an intra-muscular injection.
Crinone. This is progesterone. It
permeates the uterus and supports the endometrium to allow implantation of
the embryo. It is given in the form of a gel inserted into the vagina with an
applicator.
Cyclogest. This is progesterone. It
increases the receptivity of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus to
allow implantation of the embryo.It is given in the form of a pessary to be
insterted either into the vagina or into the rectum.
Utrogestan. This is
progesterone in the form of a round capsule. It can be used as a pessary to be
insterted into the vagina or taken orally. It increases the receptivity of the
internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus to allow implantation of the embryo
Duphaston. This is a
progestogen in the form of a tablet. It increases the receptivity of the
internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus to allow implantation of the embryo.
The tablets are taken orally.
Progynova. This is estradiol
valerate. an estrogen given together with progesterone to support the
endometrium during the luteal phase. It is in the form of tablets taken orally.
It is also used for maturing the uteine lining in thaw embryo transfer cycles.
Other estrogen preparations include Oestrogel cream and Vagifem pessary.
Saizen. This is Human Growth
Hormone given to improve egg quality. It is given in the form of a subcutaneous
injection.
Atosiban. This is an oxytocin
antagonist which reduces uterine contractions to reduce the chance expulsion of
the embryo after embryo transfer. It is diluted in a saline intravenous
infusion.
These
medicines have
been specially
selected because
of a
favorable record
of giving
consistent and
optimal response
for IVF.
What are
some of
the complications of
treatment by
IVF?
A
complication is an
undesirable effect
associated with
treatment.
The main
complication of IVF
is ovarian
hyperstimulation syndrome
(OHSS).
The second
complication is multiple
pregnancy with
more than
twins. Eg
triplets, quadruplets etc.
The third
is ectopic
pregnancy. The
other rare
complications include bleeding
and infection
from the
needle puncture
at egg
collection.
What are
some side
effects of
ovarian stimulation
medicines?
The
most important
is ovarian
hyperstimulation syndrome
(OHSS).
The second
is multiple
pregnancy.
The other
complications result from
an enlarged ovary.
It may
twist upon
itself and
result in
torsion, or
it may bleed or
rupture, requiring
operation. Sometimes
a functional
cyst persists
after the
cycle is
over.
What is
Ovarian Hyperstimulation
Syndrome (OHSS)?
This is a
condition in
which many
follicles are
produced and
cause accumulation of fluid
in the
abdomen and
sometimes in
the chest.
The abdominal
fluid causes
bloating. The
fluid in
the chest
causes breathlessness.
This condition is
usually temporary.
However women
with poly cystic
ovaries and those
with high AMH have
an increased
sensitivity to
FSH and
are more
susceptible to
severe hyperstimulation.
Sometimes, admission
to hospital
is required
and drainage
of the
accumulated fluid
from the
abdomen and
occasionally from the
chest may
be done. Treatment
with concentrated
albumin infusion
is effective
in reducing the
severity of this condition.
Dostinex 0.5mg daily for 10 days may also be tried.
The preferred
approach is
to avoid this
complication.
If
LH Antagonist cycle is employed, the HCG trigger can be replaced by LH Agonist
Lucrin 0.5ml (2.5mg) given subcutaneously. Lucrin initially stimulates the
production of LH by the brain. The additional luteal phase support
required is oral Progynova together with Progesterone in oil by intramuscular injection.
If
hyperstimulation is anticipated, the dose of Gonal F can be gradually
reduced or even stopped for up to 3 days before the HCG trigger.
Another way
is to
proceed with
the HCG
trigger (5,000 units), harvest
all the
follicles and
freeze store
the embryos
for future
transfer. This
avoids further
aggravation of
OHSS if
pregnancy occurs.
Cancellation of the
cycle by
omitting the
HCG trigger
would almost completely eliminate the
risk of
hyperstimulation. For
these cases, the Lucrin or Cetrotide would be continued for
three extra days
to further reduce the chance of
spontaneous LH surge. A
fresh cycle
can be
started with
a lower
dose of
FSH.
When do
I know
that my
eggs are
ripe?
When
two or
more of
your leading
follicles are
20mm or more
in average
diameter and
if your Estradiol
level is
about 1,000 pmol
per Lit
for each
large follicle,
your eggs
are mature
enough to
have the
HCG trigger
injection. Usually
there will
be clear
mucus from
your vagina
and the
ultrasound scan
would show
an endometrial
thickness in
excess of 8mm.
What happens
at egg
collection?
You
will not
have food
nor drink
for six
hours before
the procedure.
You will
empty your
bladder and
be placed
under a
short general
anesthesia for
usually less
than fifteen
minutes. A
17 gauge needle
will be
inserted under
vaginal probe
ultrasound scanning.
The follicles
will be
emptied systematically
and the
aspirated fluid
will be
examined under
a dissecting
microscope for
the cumulus- oocyte complex. Antibiotics
will be
given and
after a three
hour rest, you can go home. You
may experience
a little
lower abdominal
discomfort for
a short
while and
some pain-relief medicine
will be
given to
you to bring home.
There may
be some bleeding
from the
vagina after
egg collection.
This is
usually minimal
and would
stop within
a day.
What is
ICSI?
Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm
Injection (ICSI)
is a
modification of
IVF.
ICSI is a
procedure in
which one
immobilized sperm
is sucked
into a
very narrow
pipette and
then injected
inside the
egg, allowing
fertilization to
take place.
It
is usually
employed when
sperms are
unable to
enter eggs
by their
own power.
Most
forms of
male infertility
can be
solved by
use of ICSI. Sperm donation
is now less required.
ICSI
can also
be used
to maximize
the yield
of embryos.
(See
ICSI, fertilized egg and embryo)
What is
Assisted hatching?
Some
women have
egg shells
(zona pellucida) which
are hard
and which
may prevent
the developing
embryo from
hatching and
implanting in
the uterus. In
order to
assist in
hatching, an
opening is
made in
the shell
of the
egg. This
can be done either
mechanically, optically (laser)
or chemically
(acid).
In ICSI
cases, the
egg shell has already
been weakened
by the
insertion of
the sperm
injecting pipette.
In theory, this
would allow
hatching to
occur more
easily.
Can my
eggs be
fertilized?
Fertilization
depends on
the quality of
the eggs
and sperm.
With ICSI,
the main
variable is
egg quality.
Egg quality depends
on your
age, AMH and
basal FSH
level. Fertilization is increased
with ICSI.
What is
Embryo transfer?
This
is the
process in
which fertilized
eggs are
placed inside
your uterus
using a
flexible catheter (Wallace 1816N 23cm). This
procedure is
painless. Insertion
of the catheter is
done slowly.
The use of trans-abdominal ultrasound scanning
allows for guidance of the catheter tip to the upper cavity of the uterus.
If entry into the uterine cavity is not successful, a bulb-tipped cannula is
used (Cook K-JETS 7019-SIVF). Removal
of the
catheter is
also done
slowly. After
the catheter
is removed,
it is
checked under
the microscope
to ensure
that all
the embryos
have been
placed inside
the uterus.
What is
the Ideal
Number of
embryos to
be transferred?
Usually
two day-3 embryos
are placed
inside your
uterus at
a time. With
three embryos
transferred, there is
a possibility of
a triplet
pregnancy . Triplet pregnancies
carry a
much higher chance
of premature
delivery and
should be
avoided. If day-5 embryos
(blastocysts) are used, one embryo is sufficient
in younger women.
Is Bed
Rest necessary
after embryo
transfer?
There
does not appear to
be any
difference in
the chance
of pregnancy
whether there
is bed rest or
not. However,
it is
preferred that
you do
not to engage
in strenuous
activities.
Can I
have Sex
with my
husband during
the two
weeks after
embryo transfer?
It
has not
been proven
that avoiding
coitus during
the two
weeks after
embryo transfer
makes any
difference to
the chance
of pregnancy.
However most
couples prefer
to abstain
from coitus.
What is
Implantation?
This
is the
process by which
the hatched
embryo attaches
itself to
the internal
lining of
your uterus
and starts
to take
nutrition and
oxygen from
you. This
takes place
a few days after
embryo transfer. You
will not
be able to
feel it.
What does
it mean
if I
have slight
bleeding during
the 14
days after
embryo transfer?
Bleeding
may be
due to implantation of the
embryo or
detachment of
the embryo
or early
menses. It
is preferred that
you do the urine
test for
pregnancy at
the designated
time (usually
sixteen days
after embryo
transfer) in
order to
clarify the
reason for
the bleeding.
When is
the earliest
time I
can test for
pregnancy?
For the
urine pregnancy test, you should use
your first morning urine sixteen days
after the
day3 embryo transfer
or fourteen days after day5 (blastocyst) transfer.
Doing it
earlier may
produce a
negative result
even if
you are actually
pregnant because
the level
of HCG from the
very early
pregnancy may
not be sufficient
to show
up in
the urine
test. On
the other hand,
if you
are given
implantation (Luteal)
phase support
in the
form of
injections of
HCG (Pregnyl), you
may get
a positive result
even if you
are actually
not pregnant. Hence,
it can
be misleading to
do the
urine pregnancy
test too
early. If you want your blood tested
for HCG, you can do it two days
earlier than the urine test.
What
is Embryo
freezing and
storage?
Freezing has been replaced by Vitrification
(make into 'glass'). This involves
immersing the embryo in a dehydrating and
cryo-protecting solution containing hydroxipropyl cellulose
and trehalose and plunging the embryo
into liquid nitrogen for vitrification and
storage at -196 degrees Centigrade. The embryos
can survive
indefinitely. In practice,
they are
thawed and
used for
transfer within
five years.
Survival is better after vitrification as
compared to slow freezing.
Can my
frozen embryos
survive storage?
The
quality of
your embryos
is the main determinant
for survival
and implantation. Expected survival
is about
eighty percent. Quality
of embryos
is determined
largely by
the quality
of your
eggs (oocytes).
How
do I
undergo a
Thawed embryo
transfer in
a natural cycle?
If you
have a regular ovulatory
cycle. One
way is
to test
your urine
twice daily
from day
12 to
day 16 for
the Luteinizing
hormone surge.
This would
show as
a definite double
line in
a plastic cassette.
You will
be given
an injection
of HCG 10,000
units (Pregnyl) under your skin of
your tummy .
If
your embryos
have been
frozen at
the 6 or 8
cell stage,
transfer will
take place
five days
after the
injection.
On
the day
of transfer, you
will have
a trans abdominal ultrasound
scan to
determine the
position of
your uterus
and the
length of
the cavity.
The
number of
embryos to
be transferred
will be
decided upon
and they
will be
thawed and
cryo preservative washed
away. The
thawed embryos
would be
inspected for
viability before
transfer.
Three days before embryo transfer, luteal
phase support
is started.
Vaginal progesterone 90mg (Crinone) is inserted
two times a day
for 20
days.
On the
day of embryo transfer,
the implantation
(luteal) phase
support is
also augmented with HCG (Pregnyl) 2,500 units under
the skin. This is repeated
every three days for a total of 3 times.
Sixteen
days after
embryo transfer,
the urine
will be
tested for
pregnancy.
If you
are pregnant,
Crinone will be continued for the next 10 weeks. You will also be given folic
acid 5 mg daily and salbutamol (Ventolin) 1 mg twice daily.
How do I undergo Thawed
embryo trnasfer in an Ovulation Induction
cycle?
1
You
will take
one tablet
(50mg) of
clomiphene
citrate
(Duinum)
from day
3 to
day 7
of your
menstrual
cycle.
2
On day
8 of
your menstrual
cycle, you
will be
given one
ampoule
of Gonal
F (75 units), under
the skin
of your
tummy
(abdomen) through
a 27
gauge very
fine needle.
This is
repeated
on day
10.
3
You would
be seen
on day
12 of
your menstrual
cycle to
check the
growth of
your follicles
with a
trans-vaginal
probe ultrasound
scan.
4
If there
are more
than three
follicles
greater
than 14
mm in
diameter,
the third
dose of
Gonal F
is omitted.
This would
reduce the
chance of
ovarian
hyper stimulation
syndrome
(OHSS).
5
Your urine is tested twice daily
from day
12 to
day 16 for
the Luteinizing
hormone surge.
This would
show as
a definite double
line in
a plastic cassette.
You will
be given
an injection
of HCG 10,000
units (Pregnyl) under your skin of
your tummy .
6 If
your embryos
have been
frozen at
the 6 or 8
cell stage,
transfer will
take place
five days
after the
injection.
7 On
the day
of transfer, you
will have
a trans abdominal ultrasound
scan to
determine the
position of
your uterus
and the
length of
the cavity.
8 The
number of
embryos to
be transferred
will be
decided upon
and they
will be
thawed and
cryo preservative washed
away. The
thawed embryos
would be
inspected for
viability before
transfer.
9 Three days before embryo transfer, luteal
phase support
is started.
Vaginal progesterone 90mg (Crinone) is inserted
two times a day
for 20
days.
10 On the
day of embryo transfer,
the implantation
(luteal) phase
support is
also augmented with HCG (Pregnyl) 2,500 units under
the skin. This is repeated
every three days for a total of 3 times.
11
Sixteen
days after
embryo transfer,
the urine
will be
tested for
pregnancy.
If you
are pregnant,
Crinone will be continued for the next 10 weeks. You will also be given folic
acid 5 mg daily and salbutamol (Ventolin) 1 mg twice daily.
How
do I undergo a Thawed embryo transfer in a hormone replacement cycle?
This
applies if you
do not
have a regular menstrual
cycle or
are receiving donated
oocytes.
When
required, withdrawal bleeding is induced with one 5mg tablet of Norethisterone
twice daily for five days.
In
order to simulate the
proliferative phase of
the menstrual
cycle, Estradiol valerate (Progynova)
2mg, three tablets
twice a day
are given from
day 3 of your menstrual cycle for 12
to 20 days
until the
endometrium is
more than
8mm in
thickness and
there is
clear cervical mucus.
To
simulate the
secretory phase
of the menstrual cycle, vaginal
progesterone 90mg
(Crinone) is
inserted two
times a
day for
20 days
Embryo replacement takes
place 3 days after
starting progesterone.
On the
day of
transfer, you
will have
a trans-abdominal ultrasound
scan to
determine the
position of
your uterus
and the
length of
the cavity.
The number of
embryos to
be transferred will
be decided
upon and
they will
be thawed
and cryo-preservative washed away.
The thawed
embryos would
be inspected
for viability
before transfer.
Urine
is tested
for pregnancy
16 days
after embryo
transfer. If
pregnancy occurs,
Progynova and
Crinone will
be continued
for another
10 weeks. You
will also
be given
folic acid
5 mg daily,
salbutamol (Ventolin) 1 mg twice
daily and
Duphaston 10
mg three times daily.
What are
the Factors
which influence
outcome?
The
chance of
pregnancy is
influenced by
your age, your AMH
level and your
basal FSH
level. In
general, the
younger you
are, the
better the
outcome.
The
chance of
pregnancy is
also dependent
on the
number of
embryos transferred.
Although more
embryos transferred
increases the
chance of
pregnancy, it
also results
in a
higher chance
of multiple
pregnancy with
its associated
problem of
premature births.
In practice,
two or three embryos are
transferred..
What happens
at The
first appointment?
It
is preferred
that you
bring along
all available previous
tests that
you and
your husband
have undergone
to show
the fertility
specialist. Dr. Charles
MPL will
review your
menstrual history,
past tests
and treatments
and then
examine you
and your
husband. You
will be given
a provisional diagnosis
as to
the likely
cause for
your inability
to conceive.
Based on
the findings obtained,
a series
of additional
tests would be
ordered and
a provisional plan
of treatment
outlined.
If
the treatment
is IVF,
the plan
would include
blood tests,
counseling, ovarian
stimulation, egg collection,
embryo transfer, luteal
phase support
and test
for pregnancy.
An
appointment is
given at
a later
date to
review the
results of
tests ordered
and modify the
treatment plan
where appropriate.
What are
the Requirements
for IVF
Treatment in
Singapore?
These requirements
only apply
to IVF performed in
the Republic
of Singapore.
Valid
marriage license.
Below 45 years
of age.
Valid indication.
Both tested negative for
human immune
deficiency virus
(HIV) in a
Singapore laboratory
within the
last 6 months.
Tested
for syphilis,
hepatitis B and
Hepatitis C in a Singapore
laboratory within
the last
6 months.
Tested
for German
Measles (Rubella).
What advice
would you
give to
an Overseas
couple who
want to
come to
Singapore for
IVF treatment?
It would be
useful if you can arrange for your
blood to be tested for FSH level on
day 2 of your menses in your
home country. You and
your husband
should arrive
in Singapore
just after your
next menses has stopped. This
would allow
you time
for preliminary
consultation, counseling
and tests. These
will take approximately three days,
after which you and your husband may
return to your home country with a
supply of medicine.
You will return
to Singapore just prior to your menses
and stay for approximately three weeks. Your husband will come to
Singapore once the egg retrieval day
has been decided upon. He will stay
for only two days.
If he has elected to freeze and
store his sperms at the first visit, it may
not be necessary for
him to
make the
second trip.
For
thaw replacement,
you will
require to
be in
Singapore for
about seven
days. Your
husband is
not required
to be
present.
Please
click the
following Singapore Immigration Hyperlink
to find
out whether
you require
a visa
to enter
Singapore.
Please contact Dr.
Charles MPL if you require further information.
How do
I contact
Dr. Charles MPL ?
The fastest method
is to telephone Dr. Charles MPL at
Tel: (65) 6737 3666 or Fax: (65) 6738 3803
If you prefer e-mail, you can click on
this address: dr.charles.mpl@gmail.com provided your Microsoft
Outlook Express has been properly configured
to send e-mail. Otherwise, you
can copy down this address, minimize
this web page, select your usual web
courier and then send your e-mail.
Where is
Dr. Charles MPL's clinic?
3
Mount Elizabeth,
#13-02,
level 13,
Mount
Elizabeth Medical Center,
Singapore
228510
Republic
of Singapore.
(click here for map)
What Accommodation
is available
close to
Dr. Charles MPL's clinic
in
Singapore?
The following
are the
hyperlinks to
some of
the nearby
hotels which
are within
walking distance.
York Hotel tel +65 6737 0511
Elizabeth Hotel tel +65 6738 1188
The Quincy tel +65 6496 7699
Grand Park Orchard tel +65 6603 8888
Mandarin Orchard tel +65 6737 2200
Marriott Hotel tel +65 6735 5800
Grand Hyatt Hotel tel +65 6738 1234
Otherwise,
you may
like to
find other
hotels at:
hotels.online.com.sg
www.singaporehotels.net
asiarooms.com
What is
the Sperm
Improvement Regimen?
It is preferred
that every
husband be
advised to
attempt to
improve the
quantity and
the quality
of his
sperms in
order to
enhance the
likelihood of
fertilization and conception.
The main
idea is
to keep
the scrotum
and testes
cool. Sperm
production is
improved when
the testes
are exposed
to a
lower temperature.
The following
advice would
be given
to your
husband.
Wear loose, boxer
style, cotton
or satin underwear. Wear satin pajama
pants.
Wear only loose
pants and
avoid jeans.
Use a cool
seat cover
for his
vehicle and
avoid sitting
on hot
surfaces.
Keep his legs
apart when
seated and
do not cross them.
Shower with cool
water and
avoid hot
baths and
sauna.
Spray cold tap
water on
his private parts for
one minute
at each
bath.
Take one capsule
of vitamin
E (400 units). daily
If his sperm
count is
below 10 million
per ml,
a supplement containing co-enzyme Q10
can
be tried.
If
his scrotal
skin is
thickened and
itchy, he
has fungal disease
and requires
anti-fungal cream
and powder.
If
he has a varicocele,
he can
have his
enlarged veins
surgically tied
by a
Urologist.
If
he has
no sperm
in his
semen and
his testes
is normal
in size,
the absence
of sperms
is probably
due to obstruction. He
is referred
to a
Urologist to
explore the
testes and epididymis
and to obtain sperms
for freeze
storage for
future intra-cytoplasmic
sperm injection (ICSI).
What is
Intra Uterine
Insemination (IUI)?
1. Raw
semen is brought
to the
laboratory within
one hour of production.
2. Culture medium is
layered on
top. The
specimen is
left in
the incubator
at 37 degrees Celsius
for one
to two hours.
The highly
motile sperms
will swim
up into the
culture medium.
3.
The
enriched upper
layer is
then removed
and sent
to the
clinic where
it is
flushed into
the uterus
using a
flexible catheter.
4. It is important to
load the catheter correctly so that
air is not introduced into the uterine
cavity and block the fallopian tubes.
5. This
procedure is
performed during
the time
of ovulation
in order
to increase
the chance
of conception.
6.
IUI
is more
effective when
combined with
ovulation induction.
(See IUI
etc babies and children)
How is
Ovulation Induction
(super-ovulation) performed?
If you
have at
least one
fallopian
tube which
is not
blocked,
and if
your husband’s
sperm concentration
is at
least 5
million
per ml,
and if
you have
not already
tried this
treatment
method,
three cycles
of ovulation
induction
may be
tried.
1. You
will take
one tablet
(50mg) of
clomiphene citrate
(Duinum) from
day 3
to day
7 of
your menstrual
cycle.
2. On
day 8
of your
menstrual cycle,
you will
inject one
ampoule of
Gonal F (75 units), under
the skin
of your tummy through
a fine
needle in
the area 4cm
below the
belly button.
3. This
is
repeated on
day 10 and
day 12
of your
menstrual cycle. You
can do
the injection
yourself or
get a
nurse or
family doctor
to do
it. Do not get a get a
gynecologist to do it as he may
prefer to use his own style of
treatment.
4. Use
your second
morning urine
to test for
Luteinizing hormone (LH).
This would
be performed
from day
12 to
16 of
your cycle.
The LH
test kit
is a
cassette into
which a
few drops
of urine
is placed.
You can
read the
result in
fifteen minutes. The
appearance of
two lines
indicates the
LH surge
which means
imminent ovulation. This
is expected
to occur
around day
15 of your
menstrual cycle
if you have a normal 28-30 day cycle.
5. Have
sexual intercourse on
the night of
the LH surge and
two nights
later. Place
three pieces
of tissue
paper at
your vulva
and close
your legs
and turn to the side to prevent
leakage of
the semen.
Do not
get up
for an hour.
This is to allow
time for the moving
sperms to swim
into your cervical
mucus. After
one hour,
you can
pass urine
and wash
your vulva. You
will notice
some semen
coming out.
Do not
worry. This contains
mainly
the non-moving
sperms.
6. (When
you have
sexual intercourse
at other
times of
your menstrual
cycle, you are
free to
get up
to pass
urine and
wash immediately
after the
intercourse.)
7. If
your menses
is delayed
for one
week, test
your urine
or pregnancy.
If it
is positive,
see me
or your
local gynecologist
one week
later for
an ultrasound
scan to look
for the
gestational sac.
8. If
your menses
comes, you would
like to proceed to super-ovulation and
intra-uterine insemination. Write
the
date of the first day of your
menstrual cycle on
the time-table provided and
fax it to
+65 6738 3808. Take
one tablet
of Duinum
50mg daily
from the
second day
of your
menses for 5 days.
9. Come
to Singapore
on seventh
day of
your menstrual
cycle and
see me
for ovarian
stimulation with
Gonal F. You
will stay
in Singapore
for about one
week.
10. Once
your urine
is tested
positive for
the LH
surge, your
husband will
come to
Singapore that
night.
11. The
next morning,
your husband
will produce
a semen
specimen at
8am in
the hotel
and bring
it to
MEFC laboratory
before 9 am.
If he
prefers, he
can produce
his semen
in the
Mount Elizabeth Fertility
Center at
8.30 am. MEFC
lab will
extract the
live sperms
within two
hours. You will
collect the
washed sperms
at 11 am
and bring
it to
Dr Lim’s clinic
for insemination.
12. Do
not pass
urine. A
full bladder
will allow
ultrasound scanning
of your uterus
to help
in guiding
the Wallace
catheter into
your uterus.
Intra-Uterine Insemination
(IUI) is
usually completed
by 12 noon.
13. Both
you and
your husband
can return
to your
home country
at 3pm
on the
day of
insemination.
What
is PCO (poly cystic ovary)?
Poly cystic ovary is a
benign condition in which there are many
small follicles in the ovaries usually
arranged as a ring like a pearl
necklace around a central solid core. This
condition is associated with impaired
insulin metabolism. It is manifested by
irregular and infrequent menstrual cycles,
sub-fertility, and a higher rate of
miscarriage. Women who are given
ovulation inducing medication often over-respond
sometimes resulting in ovarian hyperstimulation
syndrome.
There
are three degrees of severity. The mildest
is polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM). PCOM patients
have a normal body mass index (BMI).
The intermediate form is poly cystic ovarian
syndrome (PCOS). PCOS patients are also
overweight (BMI > 25) and have more hair over
the lower abdomen and legs. The severe
form is polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD).
PCOD patients also suffer from diabetes
and hypertension.
Metformin is the
treatment of PCO. Metformin partially
corrects the metabolic effects of PCO. It is
also used to treat diabetes. It's side effects
include nausea, dyspepsia, gastic pain and weight loss. It
should be started in gradually increasing
doses of 500mg after meals up to three
times a day. Continuation of 500 mg Metformin
during pregnancy up to 12 weeks may reduce the
chance of miscarriage.
What are
the Fallopian
tube patency
tests?
Your
fallopian tubes
will be
checked for
blockage.
The initial preference
is to
perform an
X-ray examination
called Hysterosalpingogram
(HSG). This
involves coming
on day
7 or day
8 of
your menstrual
cycle. You
will be
brought to
the X-ray
department. A
radio-opaque liquid
will be
flushed into
your uterus
and fallopian
tubes. An
X-ray is
taken to
show the
liquid spilling
out from
your tubes.
There will
be some
discomfort when
you undergo
this examination.
Since ovulation induction
treatment
can help
some couples
get pregnant
with minimal
discomfort, and
since the
majority of
X-ray examinations
of fallopian
tubes show
no blockage,
the initial
preference is
to try
one cycle
of ovulation
induction before
proceeding to
HSG.
Another way to
assess whether
your fallopian
tubes are
blocked is
to perform an
operation called
video-laparoscopy and hydrotubation.
This is
an invasive procedure
involving the
insertion of
instruments through
the abdominal
wall to
see your
uterus, ovaries
and fallopian
tubes. It
will be
performed painlessly
under general
anesthesia.
Methylene
blue is
added to
sterile water
and flushed
into the
uterus and
out through
the tubes
to test
for blockage.
A major
advantage of
this procedure
is that
various problems
which may
be the cause of
your failure
to conceive
can also
be corrected
at the
same time.
These are
Endometriosis, ovarian
cyst and
pelvic adhesions.
Even some
blocked fallopian
tubes can
be opened. The
laparoscopic procedure can
be used
for diagnosis
as well
as for
treatment.
Since
ovulation induction
treatment can
help some
couples get
pregnant with
minimal discomfort,
and since
the majority
of laparoscopic
examinations of
fallopian tubes
show no
blockage, the
initial preference
is to
try at least one cycle
of ovulation
induction before
proceeding to
the operation.
What are
the Tests
for ovulation?
Ovulation
status is
assessed by
noting menstrual
cycle length
and regularity. If you
have a
cycle length
shorter than
twenty six
days, it
is useful to
do a
basal Follicle
stimulating hormone
(FSH) test
on the
second day
of your
menstrual cycle to
see your
egg reserve.
If you have
intervals between
menses of
longer than
34 days,
poly cystic ovary
(PCO)
is suspected.
This is
confirmed be
finding a
ring of small
follicles in
your ovaries
on ultrasound
scanning. In
PCO, the
basal Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
is usually raised
and can be more
than double
the level
of your
Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH)
on the second day
of your
menstrual cycle.
If you have
an irregular
menstrual cycle
and problem
with ovulation
is suspected,
you will
be given
an appointment
to return
on day
2 of your
next menses
for your
blood to
be taken
for testing
of hormones:
Follicle stimulating
hormone, Luteinizing
hormone, Estradiol,
Testosterone, Thyroid
stimulating hormone
and Prolactin.
The egg develops
within a
fluid filled
structure called
a follicle.
Usually some
fourteen days
after the
first day
of the menses, this
follicle bursts
open (ovulate)
to release
the egg
(oocyte). The
remaining follicle
wall develops
into a
yellow body
(corpus luteum) which produces
a hormone
called Progesterone. Progesterone prepares
the internal
lining (Endometrium)
of the
uterus for
implantation of
the fertilized
egg (embryo).
A raised
progesterone level some
seven days
before the
expected next
menses indicates
that ovulation has
taken place.
Progesterone
also raises
the basal
body temperature
(BBT). BBT is
your body
temperature taken
on first
waking up
in the morning. When
charted over
a menstrual cycle,
a shift
to a
higher temperature
is seen
at about
mid-cycle denoting
ovulation.
The developing follicle
can be
seen by
use of a vaginal
probe ultrasound
scan. In
unstimulated cycles,
only one
of the many
small follicles
would grow
and ovulate.
This can
be tracked by
using the
trans vaginal probe
ultrasound scan.
In unstimulated
cycles, ovulation is imminent when
the leading
follicle is
more than
sixteen mm
in average diameter.
However, when
you have
received medicines
to stimulate
egg production,
ovulation usually
occurs after
the leading
follicle reaches
twenty mm in
average diameter.
The
endometrium can
show the
influence of
progesterone. A biopsy
specimen of
endometrium can
be used to
indicate that
ovulation has
occurred. However,
the biopsy
procedure can
be uncomfortable.
Most
of the
tests show
ovulation only
after it
has occurred and
is not
useful in
predicting imminent
ovulation for
the purpose
of timing
coitus or
insemination.
The
urine Luteinizing
hormone test
can predict
ovulation within
24 to
36 hours.
This is
a do-it-yourself urine
test on
the second morning
urine specimen
during the
five days
when ovulation
is anticipated.
For
tracking of
ovulation and
timing of
coitus or
intra uterine insemination, the preference
is to
use the vaginal
probe ultrasound
scan to
assess follicle
size. Since
the follicle
grows at
about 2mm
per day,
the time it
reaches 20mm
can be
predicted. The
urine LH
test is
the used
at around
the predicted
time to
anticipate the
day of
ovulation more
precisely.
What is
Operative Laparoscopy
for Infertility?
This
is a minimally
invasive operation,
performed under
general anesthesia, where
small incisions in the abdomen
allow special
instruments access
to view
the pelvic
organs and
to correct
problems in
the pelvis.
Laparoscopy
is used
for assessing
the state
of health
of the
fallopian tubes.
The fallopian
tubes are
not blocked
if there
is spillage
of methylene-blue
dye tinted
water flushed
into the
uterus from
below.
Laparoscopic
surgery can
permit the
removal of
ovarian cysts
and myoma,
separation of
adhesions and
destruction of
deposits of
endometriosis. The objective
is to
restore the
pelvis to
a healthy
state.
The
best time
to perform
laparoscopy is
after the
menses. The
day before
the procedure,
medicine is
taken to
clear the
intestines.
At
the umbilicus
a 1
cm incision
is made
for the
laparoscope. The
pelvic organs
are inspected
and another
two or three 0.5
cm incisions
are made
in the lower abdomen
for specialized
instruments to
perform the
required surgery.
The duration
of surgery
varies according
to the
task at
hand and
varies between
half an
hour to two
hours.
After the
procedure, you
will only
feel minimal
discomfort and
should be
able to
go home
the next
day and
be able
to go
back to
work within
a week.
If
laparoscopy is
done for
fertility assessment,
it is
preferred to
also have
a hysteroscopic
examination at
the same
time.
What is
Hysteroscopy?
Hysteroscopy
is a procedure of
inspecting the
inside of
the uterus
with an
optical instrument
(hysteroscope) inserted
through the
cervix from below.
This allows
abnormalities in the
uterine cavity
to be
seen and
dealt with.
Hysteroscopy performed
before IVF
is useful
because it
permits polyps
and other
problems within
the uterus
to be
seen and
corrected. It
also enlarges
and smoothens
the canal
leading from
the neck
of the uterus (cervix)
to the
uterine cavity
proper. This
ensures ease
of replacement of the
embryo and
improves the
chance of
pregnancy.
Hysteroscopy
is usually
done as
a day
surgery procedure.
A tablet
of Cytotec
is placed
in the
vagina two
hours before
the procedure
to cause
the neck
of the
uterus to
open. A
short general
anesthesia allows
hysteroscopy to
be performed
painlessly. Saline
or glycine
is infused
at 100mm
Hg. to distend the
uterine cavity
in order
to allow
the inside
of the
uterus to
be inspected.
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